13. With regard to endometrial carcinoma.
| a. | simple hyperplasia carries little malignant potential | |
| b. | complex hyperplasia carries < 5% risk of progressing to malignancy | |
| c. | atypical hyperplasia carries about a 25% risk of progressing to malignancy | |
| d. | usually presents with postmenopausal bleeding | |
| e. | fractional curettage helps with staging | |
| f. | extension to the cervix worsens the prognosis | |
| g. | the combined oral contraceptive reduces the risk of the disease | |
| h. | the risk increases with increasing parity | |
| i. | the risk increases with early menarche/ late menopause | |
| j. | polycystic ovary syndrome reduces the risk | |
| k. | obesity and hypertension are relative risk factors | |
| l. | diabetes is a risk factor | |
| m. | has been described in association with granulosa and theca cell tumours | |
| n. | Tamoxifen is a risk factor. | |
| o. | HNPCC is a risk factor. | |
| p. | secondary spread may be to the inguinal lymphatics | |
| q. | treatment of early disease is best done by Wertheim’s hysterectomy | |
| r. | intracavity radiotherapy is effective in most cases |